Intangiriro
Imiyoboro ni kimwe mu bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane ku isi. Kuva imishinga minini - nini yo kubaka no gukora inganda kugeza kunoza urugo no guteranya ibikoresho, imigozi igira uruhare runini mugukomatanya ibikoresho neza kandi neza. Nubwo ari ibintu bito, imigozi ningirakamaro kugirango habeho ituze ryimiterere, ubwizerwe bwubukanishi, hamwe nigihe kirekire - igihe kirekire muri progaramu zitabarika.
Inganda zigezweho zishingiye cyane kuri screw kuko zitanga imikorere yihuta kuruta ubundi buryo bwinshi. Bitandukanye n’imisumari, ahanini biterwa no guterana amagambo, imigozi ikoresha ibishushanyo bifatika bikora umurongo uhamye kandi wizewe hagati yibikoresho. Ubu buryo bufite urudodo butuma imiyoboro irwanya gukurura - imbaraga, kunyeganyega, hamwe n’ibidukikije bidukikije neza.
Uyu munsi, imigozi iraboneka mubunini butandukanye, ibikoresho, impuzu, imiterere yumutwe, nubwoko bwurudodo. Imiyoboro imwe yagenewe umwihariko wibiti, mugihe izindi zitezimbere ibyuma, byumye, plastike, cyangwa beto. Imashini zimwe zakozwe muburyo bwo gushushanya, mugihe izindi zubatswe mubikorwa biremereye - byinganda zikoresha inganda bisaba imbaraga zidasanzwe no kurwanya ruswa.
Gusobanukirwa ubwoko butandukanye bwimigozi nikoreshwa ryayo nibyingenzi kubasezeranye, injeniyeri, abayikora, ababaji, abashinzwe kubungabunga, hamwe nabakunzi ba DIY. Guhitamo imigozi iboneye birashobora kunoza imikorere yubushakashatsi, kugabanya amafaranga yo kubungabunga, kongera umutekano, no kongera igihe cyibikoresho nibikoresho.
Iyi ngingo irasesengura ibyingenzi bya screw, ubwoko busanzwe bwa screw, imitwe ya screw umutwe na drayike, imishinga yinganda, hamwe ninama zingenzi zo guhitamo umugozi wukuri kubikorwa bitandukanye nibidukikije.
Gusobanukirwa Ibyingenzi Byimigozi
Imiyoboro ni iki?
Imashini ni urudodo rwimashini rukoreshwa muguhuza ibikoresho bibiri cyangwa byinshi hamwe. Imiyoboro yashizweho kugirango ihindure imbaraga zo kuzunguruka mu murongo ugenda, ubemerera kwinjira no gufunga ibikoresho neza.
Nubwo ibishushanyo bya screw bitandukanye cyane bitewe na porogaramu, imigozi myinshi irimo ibice byinshi bisanzwe.
Umutwe
Umutwe nigice cyo hejuru cya screw yakira imbaraga zo gutwara uhereye kubikoresho nka screwdriver, drill, cyangwa wrench. Imiterere itandukanye yumutwe yatunganijwe kubisabwa bitandukanye byo kwishyiriraho no guhitamo kugaragara.
Shank
Shank nigice cyoroshye cyangwa igice cyomutwe munsi yumutwe. Itanga imbaraga zubaka no guhuza.
Imitwe
Imitwe ni imirongo izenguruka izengurutse umubiri wa screw. Bashinzwe gufata ibikoresho no gukora imbaraga zo gufata.
Ingingo
Ingingo ni isonga rya screw yinjira mubikoresho mbere. Imiyoboro imwe igaragaramo ingingo zikarishye kugirango byoroshye kwinjira, mugihe izindi zirimo kwikorera - gucukura cyangwa kwikorera - gushushanya.
Imiyoboro ikorwa hakurikijwe ibipimo bisanzwe hamwe nurudodo kugirango tumenye guhuza inganda nibikorwa.
Uburyo Imiyoboro ikora
Imiyoboro ikora binyuze mu ihame ryo guhuza imashini. Mugihe umugozi uzunguruka ku isaha, urudodo rukurura ibyihuta cyane mubikoresho mugihe icyarimwe bigabanya ibikoresho byahujwe hamwe.
Ubu buryo butanga inyungu nyinshi zingenzi:
• Imbaraga zikomeye
• Gukurura bihebuje - hanze birwanya
• Kurwanya ihindagurika ryiza
• Gukuraho no gusimburwa byoroshye
Kugenzura neza
Igishushanyo mbonera gikwirakwiza imbaraga kumubiri wa screw, kugabanya guhangayika no kunoza ihuriro.
Bitandukanye n'imisumari, imigozi irashobora gukurwaho itangiza ibintu bikikije. Ibi bituma bagira agaciro gakomeye mubisabwa bisaba kubungabunga, gusana, kuzamura, cyangwa gusenya.
Amateka n'ihindagurika ry'imigozi
Nubwo imigozi ari nini - yakozwe mu nganda, amateka yabo yatangiriye mu myaka ibihumbi.
Ibisobanuro bya screw byakoreshejwe mubugereki bwa kera, cyane cyane mumazi - ibikoresho byo guterura nka screw ya Archimedes. Ariko rero, imigozi ifata ibyuma yamenyekanye cyane mugihe cya Renaissance mugihe abanyabukorikori batangiraga kubikoresha mubirwanisho, amasaha, nibikoresho bya siyansi.
Mbere yinganda, imashini zakozwe n'intoki kandi zihenze cyane. Impinduramatwara mu nganda yahinduye gukora imashini binyuze mu gukora imashini, sisitemu yo guhuza imigozi, hamwe n’ibice bisimburana.
Muri iki gihe, ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere ryemerera ibigo gukora imiyoboro yihariye ifite ubudasobanutse budasanzwe, irwanya ruswa, nimbaraga za mashini.
Ibikoresho Rusange Byakoreshejwe Muburyo
Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora imigozi bigira ingaruka cyane ku mbaraga zabo, kurwanya ruswa, uburemere, no kuramba.
Imiyoboro ya Carbone
Ibyuma bya karubone biri mubiziritse cyane kuko birakomeye kandi bigura - bifite akamaro. Ariko, mubisanzwe bakeneye gutwikira kurinda kugirango ingese.
Imiyoboro idafite ibyuma
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bitanga imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa kandi nibyiza kubidukikije, inyanja, nubushuhe.
Inyungu zirimo:
• Kurwanya ingese
Kuramba kuramba
Kugaragara neza
• Kubungabunga bike
Imiringa y'umuringa
Imiringa y'umuringa ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gushushanya no gukoresha amashanyarazi kubera zahabu nziza - nkibigaragara no kurwanya ruswa.
Imiyoboro ya Aluminium
Imiyoboro ya aluminiyumu iroroshye kandi irwanya okiside, bigatuma ikwirakwizwa mu kirere no guterana kworoheje.
Imiyoboro ya Titanium
Imiyoboro ya Titanium itanga imbaraga zidasanzwe - kugeza kuri - ibipimo byuburemere hamwe no kurwanya ruswa. Zikoreshwa cyane mu kirere, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, ninganda zikora -.
Ubwoko butandukanye bwimigozi
Imigozi
Imigozi yimbaho yagenewe kuboha ibikoresho byimbaho. Mubisanzwe biranga insinga zoroheje hamwe ningingo zityaye zibafasha gufata neza fibre yimbaho.
Ibiranga ibiti
• Urudodo rwimbitse
• Inama zikarishye
Imirambo
• Imbaraga zikomeye zo gufata
Imigozi imwe yimbaho ifite uduce tumwe twa shitingi itezimbere imikorere yo gufatana hagati yibiti.
Gushyira mu bikorwa ibiti
Imigozi yimbaho ikoreshwa cyane muri:
Gukora ibikoresho
Gushiraho Inama y'Abaminisitiri
Sisitemu yo hasi
Kubaka igorofa
Gukora ibiti imbere
• Gushushanya imishinga
Ibyiza
Imigozi yimbaho itanga ingingo zikomeye kuruta imisumari kandi bigabanya amahirwe yo kurekura igihe. Bemerera kandi ibikoresho nibikoresho byububiko gusenywa kugirango bisanwe cyangwa bihindurwe.
Imigozi igezweho yimbaho ikunze gushiramo impuzu zateye imbere zirwanya ruswa kandi zitezimbere gutwara neza.
Imashini
Imashini zimashini nizifata neza zikoreshwa mubiterane byuma nibikoresho byinganda.
Bitandukanye n'imigozi y'ibiti, imashini isanzwe ifite:
Dimetero imwe
• Urudodo rwiza
• Kuringaniza cyangwa guhubuka
Imikoreshereze rusange
Imashini zimashini zikoreshwa muri:
• Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki
Imashini zinganda
Sisitemu yimodoka
• Ibikoresho
• Amateraniro ya mashini
Inyungu
Imashini zitanga imashini zitanga:
• Ibisobanuro birambuye
• Kurwanya kunyeganyega bihebuje
• Imikorere ihoraho
• Kubungabunga byoroshye
Kuberako imashini zimashini ziraboneka mubipimo byinshi byubunini nubunini, birahuza cyane nibikorwa byinganda.
Kwikorera - Gukubita imigozi
Kwikorera - gukanda imigozi irema imigozi yimbere mugihe cyo kwishyiriraho. Ibi bivanaho gukenera ibikoresho bitandukanye byo gukanda.
Uburyo Bakora
Mugihe umugozi uzunguruka mubikoresho, byabugenewe byabugenewe byo gutema ibishushanyo bihuye na shobuja hejuru.
Porogaramu
Kwikuramo - imashini zikoreshwa zikoreshwa muri:
Urupapuro
• Iteraniro rya plastiki
Sisitemu ya HVAC
Ikibaho cyimodoka
• Amashanyarazi
Ibyiza
• Kwishyiriraho vuba
• Kugabanya amafaranga yumurimo
• Uburyo bworoshye bwo guterana
• Imikorere ikomeye yo kwizirika
Kwikuramo - gukuramo imashini bifite agaciro cyane mubikorwa byo gukora aho imikorere n'umuvuduko ari ngombwa.
Kwikorera - Imiyoboro yo gucukura
Kwikuramo - imiyoboro yo gucukura isa niyikubita - gukanda ariko ushizemo imyitozo - bit - inama zifatika zikuraho ibikenewe mbere yo -.
Ibiranga
• Imyitozo ihuriweho hamwe
• Kwishyiriraho hejuru -
• Kugabanya imirimo isabwa
Porogaramu
Bakoreshwa kenshi muri:
• Igisenge cy'ibyuma
Gukora ibyuma
• Kubaka inganda
• Imiyoboro ya HVAC
Inyungu
Kwikorera - imiyoboro yo gucukura igabanya cyane igihe cyo kuyubaka no kuzamura umusaruro kubibanza byubaka.
Imiyoboro yumye
Imashini yumye yakozwe muburyo bwihariye bwo guhuza imbaho zumye kubiti cyangwa kubumba.
Ibiranga
• Bugle - imitwe imeze
• Ingingo zikarishye
• Utubuto duto
• Urudodo rwihariye
Ubwoko bwa Drywall
Ntibisanzwe - Urudodo rwumye
Byakoreshejwe kubiti.
Nibyiza - Urudodo rwumye
Yagenewe gukora ibyuma.
Ibyiza
Amashanyarazi yumye arema flush arangije adatanyaguza impapuro hejuru yumwanya wumye.
Ni ngombwa muri:
• Kubaka amazu
Inyubako z'ubucuruzi
Sisitemu yo kurangiza imbere
Imiyoboro ya beto
Imigozi ya beto iraremereye - ifatisha imisoro yagenewe ibikoresho byububiko nka beto, amatafari, namabuye.
Ibiranga
• Gukora ibyuma bikomeye
• Ruswa - yihanganira
• Igishushanyo mbonera
Porogaramu
Imiyoboro ya beto ikoreshwa kuri:
• Kuzigama
• Gushiraho gariyamoshi
• Gushiraho sisitemu y'amashanyarazi
• Kurinda ibikoresho
Kwinjiza
Imigozi ya beto mubisanzwe isaba umwobo windege wacukuwe hamwe nibikoresho bya masonry.
Imbaraga zikomeye zo gufata zituma zizewe cyane mubikorwa byubaka.
Imiyoboro
Imigozi ya palitike yagenewe umwihariko kubiti byo hanze.
Ibintu by'ingenzi
• Ikirere -
Kurwanya ruswa
• Imbaraga zikomeye zo gufata
Imikoreshereze rusange
Kubaka igorofa
• Uruzitiro
Ibikoresho byo hanze
• Pergola
Kuberako ibidukikije byo hanze byerekana imiyoboro yubushyuhe nubushyuhe, imigozi ya palitike ikorwa hamwe nudukingirizo two gukingira kugirango twirinde ingese no kwangirika.
Kuramo imitwe yubwoko hamwe nuburyo bwo gutwara
Ubwoko Bisanzwe Bwumutwe
Imiterere yumutwe wa screw igira ingaruka kumikorere, kugabana imizigo, no kugaragara.
Flat Umutwe
Flat head screw yicara neza hamwe nubuso nyuma yo kwishyiriraho. Nibyiza kurangiza neza no gusaba aho protrus zitifuzwa.
Isafuriya Umutwe
Umutwe wibikoresho biranga hejuru yizengurutse hamwe. Batanga ahantu hanini ho guhurira no gukwirakwiza imitwaro.
Umutwe uzunguruka
Imitwe izengurutse ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gushushanya no kugaragara.
Hex Umutwe
Hex imitwe ya Hex yemerera porogaramu ya torque yo hejuru ukoresheje wrenches cyangwa socket.
Iyi miyoboro ikoreshwa muri:
• Ubwubatsi
Sisitemu yimodoka
Imashini ziremereye
Oval Umutwe
Oval imitwe ihuza isura nziza hamwe nubuso bwigice cyerekanwe, bigatuma ikundwa mubikoresho byo murugo no mubikorwa byimbere.
Ubwoko bwa Drive Drive
Ubwoko bwa Drive bugena ibikoresho byo kwishyiriraho bisabwa.
Ububiko bwa Phillips
Imiyoboro ya Phillips iranga umusaraba - imiterere yikiruhuko kandi iri muri sisitemu zikoreshwa cyane ku isi.
Ibyiza
• Kwishyira hamwe byoroshye
• Kwinjiza vuba
• Ibikoresho biboneka cyane
Drive
Imiyoboro ihanamye ikoresha umurongo umwe ugororotse.
Ibyiza
• Igishushanyo cyoroshye
Kugaragara kwa gakondo
Ibibi
• Kunyerera byoroshye
• Hasi ya torque ikora neza
Torx Drive
Torx itwara inyenyeri - imiterere yikiruhuko.
Inyungu
• Kwimura umuriro mwinshi
Kugabanya kamera - hanze
• Ibisobanuro byiza
Imiyoboro ya Torx ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki no gukora imodoka.
Allen Drive (Hex Socket)
Allen screw ikoresha socket ya hexagonal kandi yashyizweho ukoresheje urufunguzo rwa hex.
Porogaramu
• Guteranya ibikoresho
Amagare
Imashini
Sisitemu yinganda
Drive Drive
Imashini ya kare - itanga imiyoboro ikomeye kandi igabanya kunyerera, bigatuma ikundwa cyane no gukora ibiti no kubaka.
Gushyira mu bikorwa imigozi hirya no hino mu nganda
Inganda zubaka
Inganda zubwubatsi ziterwa ahanini ninshuro zombi zubaka kandi zirangiza.
Porogaramu
Imashini ziremereye - inshingano zubatswe zikoreshwa muri:
Sisitemu yo gushiraho
Kubaka ibiti
• Inzu yo hejuru
• Inanga ya beto
Ibisenge
Imigozi yo hejuru yinzu irimo kashe yo gukaraba irinda amazi kumeneka no kwangirika.
Inyungu mu Kubaka
Imiyoboro itanga:
• Ingingo zikomeye
• Kunoza umutekano
• Gusana byoroshye
• Ibyiza birebire - igihe kirekire
Ubwubatsi bugezweho bugenda butonesha imigozi kuko ikora neza mugihe cyo kunyeganyega no guhangayikishwa nibidukikije.
Ibikoresho byo mu nzu
Gukora ibikoresho byo mu nzu bishingiye cyane ku mashini kugirango imbaraga, zihinduke, kandi byoroshye guterana.
Porogaramu Rusange
Akabati
Imbonerahamwe
Intebe
• Kuzunguruka
Ibikoresho byo mu nzu
Ibyiza
Imiyoboro yemerera ibikoresho kuba:
• Yarasanwe
• Yashenywe
• Bongeye guterana
• Guhitamo
Imigozi ishushanya nayo igira uruhare muburyo bwo kugaragara mumishinga yo hejuru - kurangiza gukora ibiti.
Inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga
Gukora ibinyabiziga bikoresha imashini zihariye zishobora guhangana nubukanishi bukabije.
Porogaramu
Ibigize moteri
• Imbere
Sisitemu y'amashanyarazi
• Inteko za Chassis
Ibisabwa
Imashini zitwara ibinyabiziga zigomba kurwanya:
• Kunyeganyega
• Gushyushya
Ruswa
Guhangayikishwa na mashini
Icyerekezo - imashini zikoreshwa zifasha kurinda umutekano wibinyabiziga no kwizerwa.
Inganda za elegitoroniki
Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike bisaba imashini ntoya yo guteranya neza kandi neza.
Gukoresha
• Amaterefone
• Mudasobwa
Kamera
• Ibikoresho
• Ibikoresho byo kwa muganga
Inzira z'umutekano
Tamper - imashini irwanya irinda ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byoroshye kutabigeraho.
Ibisabwa neza
Imashini ya elegitoronike igomba kuba yujuje kwihanganira inganda kugirango birinde kwangiza ibice byimbere.
Inganda zo mu kirere
Inganda zo mu kirere zisaba sisitemu yo kwihuta yihuta ishobora gukora mubihe bikabije.
Ibiranga imiyoboro yo mu kirere
• Ibikoresho byoroheje
• Imbaraga zikomeye
Kurwanya ruswa
• Kurwanya ubushyuhe
Imiyoboro ya Titanium irasanzwe cyane mubikorwa byindege kuko ihuza imbaraga nuburemere buke.
Ibintu ugomba gusuzuma muguhitamo imiyoboro
Guhuza Ibikoresho
Ibikoresho bya screw bigomba guhuza ibidukikije.
Ibidukikije
Ibyuma bisanzwe byometseho ibyuma birahagije muri rusange.
Ibidukikije byo hanze
Imishinga yo hanze isaba ibyuma bidafite ingese cyangwa imigozi ya galvanis kugirango irwanye ruswa.
Ibidukikije bikabije
Ibikoresho byinganda birashobora gusaba impuzu zihariye cyangwa titanium.
Ingano n'uburebure
Ingano ikwiye ningirakamaro mugukomeza imikorere.
Diameter
Ibipimo binini bitanga umutwaro munini - ubushobozi bwo gutwara.
Uburebure
Imiyoboro igomba gucengera cyane mubikoresho fatizo kugirango habeho ituze.
Igishushanyo mbonera
Urudodo ruto rukora neza mubiti, mugihe insinga nziza nicyuma.
Ingano itari yo irashobora kuganisha kuri:
• Intege nke
Kugabana ibikoresho
• Ihungabana ryimiterere
Kurwanya ruswa
Guhura nibidukikije bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumara igihe.
Imiyoboro ya Galvanised
Ipitingi ya Zinc irinda imigozi yicyuma.
Imiyoboro idafite ibyuma
Ibyiza bya marine na progaramu yo hanze.
Ceramic - Imigozi isize
Tanga uburinzi buhebuje mu bihe bikaze no mu biti bivurwa.
Gukoresha ruswa - imashini idashobora kwihanganira kugabanya cyane amafaranga yo kubungabunga.
Ibisabwa
Imishinga itandukanye isaba urwego rutandukanye rwo gukomera.
Umucyo - Gusaba Inshingano
Imiyoboro mito ikwiranye na elegitoroniki n'imishinga yo gushushanya.
Biremereye - Gusaba Inshingano
Ubwubatsi bwubaka busaba - imbaraga zinini zishobora gushyigikira imitwaro minini.
Gusobanukirwa ibisabwa umutwaro bifasha kwirinda kunanirwa kwimiterere.
Ibisabwa
Ibidukikije byubaka nabyo bigira ingaruka kumahitamo ya screw.
Umwanya muto
Ubwoko bumwe bwimodoka ikora neza ahantu hafunzwe.
Hejuru - Inteko yihuta
Kwikorera - imiyoboro yo gucukura itezimbere imikorere yubushakashatsi mu bidukikije.
Kubungabunga kenshi
Porogaramu isaba gusenya buri gihe yunguka imashini iramba.
Uburyo bukwiye bwo kwishyiriraho
Koresha Ibikoresho Byukuri
Gukoresha screwdriver itari yo cyangwa drill bit birashobora kwangiza imigozi nibikoresho.
Buri gihe ujye wemeza:
Ingano ikwiye
• Kosora igenamiterere rya torque
• Umuvuduko ukwiye wimyitozo
Irinde hejuru - Kwizirika
Umuriro ukabije urashobora:
• Andika insanganyamatsiko
• Kumena ibikoresho
• Kwangiza imitwe
Ibikoresho bya kijyambere bigezweho akenshi birimo igenamiterere rya torque kugirango wirinde - gukomera.
Mbere - Gutobora umwobo wa pilote
Umwobo wa pilote ugabanya gucamo ibiti no koroshya kwishyiriraho ibikoresho bikomeye.
Ni ngombwa cyane cyane kuri:
• Igiti
• Masonry
• Ibikoresho byimbitse
Kugenzura no Kuzigama
Ibikoresho byo mu nganda no hanze bigomba kugenzurwa buri gihe kuri:
Ruswa
• Kurekura
• Kwambara
Kubungabunga neza byongerera igihe cyumurimo ibice byombi.
Ibizaza mu gihe cyo gukora imigozi
Inganda za screw zikomeje gutera imbere binyuze mu guhanga udushya.
Ibikoresho bigezweho
Ababikora baratera imbere:
• Amavuta akomeye
• Ibikoresho byoroheje
• Kunonosora neza {{0} ats ibitsike birwanya
Sisitemu yo Kwihuta
Sisitemu zimwe zigezweho zirimo sensor ikurikirana:
Urwego rwa Torque
• Imyitwarire
• Kunyeganyega
Inganda zirambye
Ibigo bigenda byibanda kuri:
• Ibikoresho bisubirwamo
• Ingufu - umusaruro mwiza
• Kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije
Mugihe ibyifuzo byubwubatsi byiyongera, tekinoroji ya screw izakomeza gutera imbere kugirango yujuje ibyangombwa byinganda bigezweho.
Umwanzuro
Imiyoboro iri mubintu byingenzi kandi bihindagurika byifashishwa mu nganda zigezweho no mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Nubunini bwazo buto, screw zitanga imbaraga zidasanzwe, kwizerwa, no guhinduka mugukoresha porogaramu zitabarika.
Ubwoko butandukanye bwimigozi yabugenewe kubikoresho bitandukanye nibidukikije. Imigozi yimbaho ninziza mububaji nibikoresho byo mu nzu, imashini zimashini zishyigikira inteko zikora neza, kwikorera - imashini yo gukanda byoroshya uburyo bwo kwishyiriraho, imigozi yumye itezimbere ubwubatsi bwimbere, kandi imigozi ya beto itanga kwizerwa ryububiko.
Usibye ubwoko bwa screw, ibintu nkibishushanyo mbonera, imiterere yimodoka, ibigize ibikoresho, kurwanya ruswa, hamwe nubuhanga bwo kwishyiriraho byose bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo kwizirika. Guhitamo imigozi iboneye iteza imbere imiterere, kongera umutekano, kugabanya amafaranga yo kubungabunga, no kongera igihe cyibikoresho ninyubako.
Mugihe inganda zikomeje gutera imbere hamwe nikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu nganda n’ibibazo bishya by’ubuhanga, imashini zizakomeza kuba ingenzi mu bwubatsi, sisitemu y’imodoka, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, icyogajuru, n’umusaruro w’inganda. Gusobanukirwa ubwoko butandukanye bwimigozi nikoreshwa ryayo bituma abanyamwuga nabaguzi bafata ibyemezo byubwenge, bakagera kumusaruro mwiza wumushinga, kandi bakemeza ko - imikorere irambye muri buri porogaramu.
